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PEMICU KANKER DARI MAKANAN

Banyak Bahan Penyebab Kanker di sekitar kita.. Ada formalin, boraks, dan zat kimia lain, berbagai senyawa dalam makanan, aneka polutan dan banyak lagi. Kenali zat-zat itu dan hindari pemakaiannya, agar kita awet sehat.
Kecerobohan dan ketidaktahuan seringkali membahayakan kesehatan kita sendiri. Sudah tahu kalau formalin adalah bahan pengawet mayat, orang tetap nekat memakainya, mengawetkan susu kedelai, mempercepat pengeringan ikan asin dan sebagainya. Bahan pewarna pakaian juga dignakan untuk mempercerah penampilan kerang basah, terasi, serta berbagai macam jajanan. Sementara boraks digunakan untuk pengawet makanan seperti mi, bakso, dan kerupuk. "Biar kenyal, Mas," ujar penjual bakso di sebuah pasar di Jakarta Selatan kepada SENIOR.

food

Di dalam formalin terkandung formaldehid dalam air, yang menurut Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Amerika Serikat, berfungsi sebagai disinfektan (penyuci atau pembasmi hama).

Bahan ini seharusnya digunakan untuk industri plastik, busa, resin untuk kertas, karpet, tekstil, cat dan furnitur. Zat ini sangat iritatif serta mampu menimbulkan luka bakar, bahkan bisa mematikan.

Boraks juga merupakan bahan antibakteri dan antijamur yang lazim digunakan untuk urusan di luar tubuh. Bahan ini biasanya dipakai untuk pengawet pada industri kayu dan produk antiseptik toilet.

Bisa kita bayangkan bila bahan-bahan itu masuk ke dalam tubuh, lalu menyebar lewat pembuluh darah. Organ-organ tubuh pun akan teracuni dan terutama ginjal serta hati harus bekerja ekstra keras. Akibatnya, organ ini bisa mengalami kerusakan. Repotnya lagi, sel-sel tubuh akan bermutasi akibat senyawa asing dan muncullah kanker.

Butuh waktu lama

Penelitian atas efek mutagen serta karsinogen (penyebab kanker) berbagai zat kimia tambahan pada makanan yang sudah berlangsung sejak tahun 1949 di AS membuktikan, sekitar 98 persen senyawa mutagen juga karsinogenik.

Sekarang memang berkeliaran senyawa pemicu mutasi sel atau senyawa mutagen yang bisa berubah menjadi sel kanker pada makanan yang kita konsumsi, tetapi terjadinya mutasi sel tidak secept yang dibayangkan. Karena itu, gejala kanker tidak terjad dalam sekejab. Prof Ali Khomsan guru besar Jurusan Gizi Keluarga IPB, menyebutkan bahwa kanker berkembang sangat lambat dalam tubuh manusia. Setidaknya dibutuhkan waktu 5-10 tahun setelah seseorang berkontak dengan bahan karsinogenik (pemicu kanker).

Berubahnya sifat genetik suatu sel yang disebabkan oleh perubahan, struktur molekul, atau urutan nukleotida yang menyusun gen atau mutasi ini tejradi sekali dari sejuta kejadian. Selain butuh waktu lama, menurut Dr. Asrul Harsal, Sp,PD-KHOM, dari RS Kanker Dharmais, penyebab kanker sebenarnya bersifat kompleks. Sebagian kanker muncul akibat kondisi lingkungan luar seperti asap rokok, polusi udara, sinar ultra violet, cemaran pestisida dan lainnya. Karena itu, tegas Prof, Ali, sebenarnya untuk menyebutkan apakah suatu zat menyebabkan kanker tidaklah mudah. Perlu percobaan pada binatang lebih dahulu, setidaknya sampai dua-tiga tahun. Baru setelah itu, kita bisa yakin bahwa zat tersebut menyebabkan kanker.

Namun, bisa jadi pada hewan tertentu zat tersebut menimbulkan kanker,, sementara pada hewan lain tidak. Demikian juga pada manusia. Belum tentu pada hewan percobaan suatu zat menyebabkan kanker, lalu pada manusia dengan sendirinya akan menimbulkan kondisi serupa.

Sebagai contoh senyawa akrilamid yang bisa ditemukan pada keripik kentang, sereal, roti kering (makanan yang diolah dengan suhu tinggi). Berdasar penelitian pada hewan, akrilamid dapat dikategorikan sebagai penyebab kanker. Namun hasil riset para peneliti dari Harvard School of public Health dan Karolinska Institute di Stokholm, Swedia, yang dimuat dalam British, Journak of Cancer edisi Selasa, 28 Januari 2003, belum ada fata sahih yang menunjukkan bahwa akrilamid dalam makanan berpotensi memicu kanker pada manusia, meski dikonsumsi dalam jumlah banyak.


Bau Tengik


Meski beberapa senyawa tambahan itu belum tentu menyebabkan kanker bagi manusia, Prof Ali menyarakan agar kita tetap hati-hati dengan potensi karsinogennya. Kita juga perlu mengenalinya karena konsumsi dalam jangka panjang tetap saja membahayakan tubuh.

Beberapa senyawa pemicu kanker bisa muncul karena memang ditambahkan pada makanan, seperti kasus boraks dan formalin, sebaiknya, kita juga harus waspada karena senyawa pemicu kanker bisa terkandung secara alami dalam makanan. Berbagai senyawa pemicu kanker alami yang layak kita waspadai misalnya hydrazine pada jamur (jamur merang, jamur kuping, dan lain-lain). Juga pada jamur champignon (Agaricus bisporus) atau jamur kancung yang mengandung 300 mg agaritine atau 4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine per 100 gramnya.

Pada proses metabolsime, agaritine berubah menjadi turunan diazonium dan sifatnya sangat karsinogenik. Pada sebuah uji coba, agaritine sebanyak 400 nanogram per 100 gram bisa menimbulkan 30 persen tumor lambung pada tikus. Pada kentang berwarna hijau yang mengandung glikoalkaloid, terdapat dua senyawa yang bersifaat karsinogen, yakni solanin dan chaconine. Kedua senyawa ini menyebabkan kentang menjadi beracun. Yang tidak kita ketahui adalah munculnya hidrogen peroksida (H202), yang dihasilkan oleh Quinon dan beberapa prekursor fenol dari apel, pisang, roti panggang dan makanan lain yang telah berwarna cokelat karena terlalu lama disimpan. Hal ini mengakibatkan terjadinya oksida lemak dalam membran sel dan menyebabkan kerusakan DNA. Cemaran mutagen lain yang sering timbul bila bahan makanan lama tidak dimanfaatkan adalah senyawa aflatoksin. Senyawa ini muncul akibat makanan tercemar sejenis jamur Aspergillus flavus dan Aspergillus parasiticus, serta asam lemak bebas hasil oksidasi lemak (atau tercampur jamur tertentu). Tanda-tanda munculnya senyawa ini adalah abu tengik, misalnya pada jagung, kacang tanah, keju, bumbu pecel dan selai kacang. Kalau sudah begini, buang semua makanan itu, jangan sekali-kali mengonsumsinya. Beberapa jenis jamur yang menghasilkan racun karsiogenik biasanya berwarna mencolok, biru atau merah. Baunya pun menyengat.

Yang alami saja

Bisa jadi masih banyak bahan makanan lain yang mengandung senyawa bersifat karsinogen, Menurut Program Idrus Jus'at MSc, Ph,D, Ketua Program Studi Ilmu Gizi Universitas Indonesia Esa Unggul, menghindari makanan olahan (yang sudah dikemas) adalah langkah terbaik mengurangi risiko terpapar zat pemicu kanker tersebut. Anda bisa mengasup makanan yang diolah secara sederhana dan diolah sendiri bila ingin sehat. Konsumsi bahan alami seperti sayur dan buah perlu diperbanyak. Penglahan paling sederhana dan sangat baik, yakni merebus kurang darilima menit tanpa tambahan apa pun. "Itu langkah paling aman," kata Idrus. Meski kelihatannya tidak nikmat, sayuran memiliki rasa yang bisa membantu meningkatkan selera makan. Labu siam misalnya, bila hanya direbus tanpa tambahan apapun, rasanya manis.

Langkah lain yang bisa ditempuh adalah menghindari makanan berlemak tinggi seperti daging. Tubuh kita pada dasarnya didesain untuk menikmati sayur dan buah, bukang daging. Terbukti dari panjangnya usus kita. Hewan pemakan daging memiliki usus yang lebih pendek daripada manusia. Yang juga penting, sebaiknya hindari makanan berpengawet, berpewarna, dan perpenguat rasa. Semua itu mudah kita temui pada makanan instan dan makanan kemasan lain. "Konsumsi makanan alami saja, lebih menyehatkan," ujarnya.

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Americans have excessively high blood cholesterol levels. The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP ATP III, 2001) states that a sound diet, weight loss and physical activity are the cornerstones of therapy for many individuals with cholesterol disorders. (Cholesterol-lowering drug therapy is reserved for those who have the very highest lipid levels or for those who have diabetes or coronary disease.) Atherosclerosis is a costly and fatal disease. Although there is no known cure, new evidence suggests that intensive lowering of serum total cholesterol, or more specifically, LDL cholesterol may retard the progression of coronary artery disease. The box, right, contains the NCEP cholesterol guidelines authored in 2001 by a panel of physicians and lipid experts. Reducing cholesterol through exercise, particularly LDL cholesterol, can be quite labor intensive. When individuals accumulate a sufficient weekly volume of exercise they can lower both total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and increase HDL-cholesterol (the “good” cholesterol). Exercise itself does not “burn off” cholesterol like it can with fat tissue. However, when exercise is of sufficient volume, for example, an adequate weekly frequency and duration, it can significantly reduce triglycerides and stimulate several metabolic enzyme systems in the muscles and liver to convert some of the cholesterol to a more favorable form, such as HDL-cholesterol. Reducing triglycerides decreases triglyceride-rich particles that are known to promote the growth of fatty deposits on artery walls. For many people with cholesterol disorders the first choice of therapy is dietary modification. In general, reducing high-glycemic carbohydrates reduces triglycerides, and reducing saturated and trans-fat foods decreases LDL-cholesterol. If LDL cholesterol (the “bad” cholesterol) is high enough, dietary therapy is often supplemented with cholesterol-lowering drug therapy. Exercise is of tremendous benefit when used in combination with either of these two forms of therapy. For those who maintain a frequent and sufficient level of exercise, it is possible that their physician will reduce their cholesterol-lowering medication and in some cases stop it altogether. Here are guidelines that outline a systematic approach for favorably altering cholesterol levels with regular exercise: • If you have a less-than-desirable cholesterol level, or your doctor has indicated you have a cholesterol disorder, have your physician establish your cardiovascular health status before engaging in a vigorous exercise program. Your physician may elect to perform additional blood tests (e.g., C-reactive protein) and/or a graded exercise test with an ECG (treadmill stress test) on you first. • Choose dynamic forms of exercise that tend to last at least 20 to 30 minutes and are performed at moderate intensities. Moderate exercise intensities would be an approximate effort of four to seven, on a scale of one to ten with ten being near maximal exercise. • In general, for exercise to significantly lower cholesterol levels, a relatively high volume of exercise is recommended (e.g. 1,500 kcal or more per week). In 12 to 16 weeks this volume of exercise can reduce total cholesterol by 10 to 20 percent. Fifteen hundred calories expended during exercise is equivalent to three to four hours per week for the average unfit person performing moderate-intensity walking, swimming, walk-jogging or cycling. This volume of weekly exercise is approximately the same volume of physical activity required to lose weight. As a result, fat weight loss tends to be associated with increases in HDL-cholesterol and reductions in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels, especially fat lost around the waist and abdomen. A sample program would be to start with walking 20 minutes per day, four days a week. Over six to eight weeks, graduate this program to one hour, six to seven days a week of walking over hilly (variable) terrain or walk-jogging over relatively flat ground. An alternative would be to walk 50 to 60 minutes three days a week and take an aerobics class three days a week and perhaps two to three sets of singles tennis on the seventh day. It is important to know that lower volumes of weekly exercise can still produce many other benefits, such as improved fitness and overall health, reduced blood pressure and increased psychological well-being. An ACE-certified Clinical Exercise Specialist can help you make the connection safely and effectively. A heart attack is a life-threatening event. Everyone should know the warning signs of a heart attack and how to get emergency help. Many people suffer permanent damage to their hearts or die because they do not get help immediately. Each year, more than a million persons in the United States have a heart attack, and about half (515,000) of them die. About one-half of those who die do so within 1 hour of the start of symptoms and before reaching the hospital. Both men and women have heart attacks. Emergency personnel can often stop arrhythmias with emergency cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), defibrillation (electrical shock), and prompt advanced cardiac life support procedures. If care is sought soon enough, blood flow in the blocked artery can be restored in time to prevent permanent damage to the heart. Most people, however, do not seek medical care for 2 hours or more after symptoms begin. Many people wait 12 hours or longer. Symptoms and Diagnosis The warning signs and symptoms of a heart attack can include: Chest discomfort. Most heart attacks involve discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts for more than a few minutes or goes away and comes back. The discomfort can feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain. Heart attack pain can sometimes feel like indigestion or heartburn. Discomfort in other areas of the upper body. Pain, discomfort, or numbness can occur in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw, or stomach. Shortness of breath. Difficulty in breathing often comes along with chest discomfort, but it may occur before chest discomfort. Other symptoms. Examples include breaking out in a cold sweat, having nausea and vomiting, or feeling light-headed or dizzy. Signs and symptoms vary from person to person. In fact, if you have a second heart attack, your symptoms may not be the same as for the first heart attack. Some people have no symptoms. This is called a "silent" heart attack. The symptoms of angina (chest pain) can be similar to the symptoms of a heart attack. If you have angina and notice a change or a worsening of your symptoms, talk with your doctor right away. Diagnosis of a heart attack may include the following tests: EKG (electrocardiogram). This test is used to measure the rate and regularity of your heartbeat. A 12-lead EKG is used in diagnosing a heart attack. Blood tests. When cells in the heart die, they release enzymes into the blood. These enzymes are called markers or biomarkers. Measuring the amount of these markers in the blood can show how much damage was done to your heart. These tests are often repeated at intervals to check for changes. The specific blood tests are: Troponin test. This test checks the troponin levels in the blood. This blood test is considered the most accurate to see if a heart attack has occurred and how much damage it did to the heart. CK or CK-MB test. These tests check for the amount of the different forms of creatine kinase in the blood. Myoglobin test. This test checks for the presence of myoglobin in the blood. Myoglobin is released when the heart or other muscle is injured. Nuclear heart scan. This test uses radioactive tracers (technetium or thallium) to outline heart chambers and major blood vessels leading to and from the heart. A nuclear heart scan shows any damage to your heart muscle. Cardiac catheterization. A thin, flexible tube (catheter) is passed through an artery in the groin (upper thigh) or arm to reach the coronary arteries. Your doctor can use the catheter to determine pressure and blood flow in the heart's chambers, collect blood samples from the heart, and examine the arteries of the heart by x ray. Coronary angiography. This test is usually performed along with cardiac catheterization. A dye that can be seen by using x ray is injected through the catheter into the coronary arteries. Your doctor can see the flow of blood through the heart and see where there are blockages. Causes Most heart attacks are caused by a blood clot that blocks one of the coronary arteries (the blood vessels that bring blood and oxygen to the heart muscle). When blood cannot reach part of your heart, that area starves for oxygen. If the blockage continues long enough, cells in the affected area die. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common underlying cause of a heart attack. CAD is the hardening and narrowing of the coronary arteries by the buildup of plaque in the inside walls (atherosclerosis). Over time, plaque buildup in the coronary arteries can: Narrow the arteries so that less blood flows to the heart muscle Block completely the arteries and the flow of blood Cause blood clots to form and block the arteries A less common cause of heart attacks is a severe spasm (tightening) of the coronary artery that cuts off blood flow to the heart. These spasms can occur in persons with or without CAD. Artery spasm can sometimes be caused by: Taking certain drugs, such as cocaine Emotional stress Exposure to cold Cigarette smoking
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