APAKAH GEJALA-GEJALA DARI SERANGAN JANTUNG?

Rasa nyeri di dada kiri, apakah itu gejala SERANGAN JANTUNG?? Tanya dokter Anda tentang risiko Anda terhadap serangan jantung dan bagaimana mengurangi risiko ini. Berbagilah informasi ini dengan para anggota keluarga dan pengurus Anda sehingga mereka belajar mengenali gejala serangan jantung dan kapan membantu Anda mencari pengobatan darurat. Jika Anda mempunyai salah satu dari gejala yang diuraikan di bawah ini yang berlangsung selama lebih dari 5 menit, CARILAH PENGOBATAN DARURAT TANPA DITUNDA. Gejala-gejala ini bisa merupakan tanda-tanda serangan jantung dan pengobatan.

• Nyeri dada atau rasa tak enak di bagian tengah dada; perasaan "tertekan," "berat" atau "remuk" yang berlangsung selama tak lebih dari beberapa menit atau berlalu hilang dan kembali.
• Rasa sakit atau tak nyaman di bagian-bagian lain pada bagian tubuh atas, termasuk lengan, bahu, leher, rahang, atau perut.
• Sulit bernapas, sesak napas
• Berkeringat atau "keringat dingin"
• Rasa kembung, salah cerna, atau perasaan tersedak(mungkin terasa seperti “rasa panas dalam lambung”)
• Mual atau muntah
• Sangat lemah atau gelisah
• Detak jantung yang cepat atau tak teratur

Jangan tunggu sampai gejala-gejala Anda "menghilang". Pengenalan dan pengobatan dini gejala-gejala serangan jantung dapat mengurangi risiko kerusakan jantung dan memungkinkan pengobatan untuk segera dimulai. Bahkan jika Anda tidak yakin bahwa gejala-gejala Anda merupakan gejala serangan jantung, Anda masih harus dievaluasi. Beberapa orang mempunyai serangan jantung tanpa mempunyai gejala apapun (myocardial infarction "diam" myocardial infarction). MI diam dapat terjadi di antara semua pasien, walaupun lebih umum di antara penderita diabetes. Jika Anda mempunyai MI diam, serangan jantung Anda mungkin dapat didiagnosa sewaktu pemeriksaan rutin dokter.

The first symptoms start the clock
Pada tanda-tanda pertama serangan jantung, panggil pengobatan darurat. Waktu terbaik untuk mengobati serangan jantung adalah di antara satu sampai dua jam pertama dari pertama kali timbulnya gejala. Studi memperlihatkan bahwa orang yang mempunyai gejala serangan jantung sering menunda, atau menunggu untuk mencari pengobatan, selama lebih dari tujuh jam. Mereka yang menunda cenderung adalah orang tua, wanita, dan yang mempunyai sejarah angina, tekanan darah tinggi atau diabetes.


Jangan menunggu :
Tindakan cepat dapat menyelamatkan nyawa - termasuk nyawa Anda sendiri

Alasan-alasan orang menunda

• Mereka adalah orang muda dan tidak dapat percaya ini terjadi pada mereka
• Gejala-gejala tidak seperti yang diharapkan
• Mereka mungkin menyangkal gejala-gejala ini serius dan menunggu sampai gejala hilang
• Mereka mungkin meminta nasehat dari orang lain, terutama anggota keluarga
• Mereka mungkin pertama kali mencoba mengobati gejala sendiri, dengan menggunakan aspirin atau antasida
• Mereka mungkin berpikir gejala-gejala ini berkaitan dengan masalah kesehatan lain (sakit perut, arthritis)
• Mereka mungkin mengutamakan mengurus orang lain (pertama-tama mengurus anak atau anggota keluarga lain) dan tidak ingin menguatirkan mereka.
• Menunggu hanya dua jam untuk pertolongan medis mungkin akan membatasi pilihan pengobatan Anda, meningkatkan jumlah kerusakan otot jantung, dan mengurangi kesempatan untuk selamat.

Ketahuilah sebelumnya: Gejala-gejala serangan jantung.
Siapa yang harus dipanggil untuk bantuan darurat. Jangan memanggil teman atau anggota keluarga. Panggil ambulans untuk membawa Anda ke UGD terdekat. Obati semua rasa tak nyaman di dada seperti angina atau serangan jantung, kecuali jika dokter Anda telah memberitahu anda secara lain. Pengobatan (obat-obatan, bedah jantung terbuka dan prosedur intervensi) tidak mengobati penyakit arteri koroner. Pernah mendapat serangan jantung atau pengobatan tidak berarti anda tidak akan pernah mendapat serangan jantung lagi; serangan jantung DAPAT terjadi lagi.

Americans have excessively high blood cholesterol levels. The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP ATP III, 2001) states that a sound diet, weight loss and physical activity are the cornerstones of therapy for many individuals with cholesterol disorders. (Cholesterol-lowering drug therapy is reserved for those who have the very highest lipid levels or for those who have diabetes or coronary disease.) Atherosclerosis is a costly and fatal disease. Although there is no known cure, new evidence suggests that intensive lowering of serum total cholesterol, or more specifically, LDL cholesterol may retard the progression of coronary artery disease. The box, right, contains the NCEP cholesterol guidelines authored in 2001 by a panel of physicians and lipid experts. Reducing cholesterol through exercise, particularly LDL cholesterol, can be quite labor intensive. When individuals accumulate a sufficient weekly volume of exercise they can lower both total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and increase HDL-cholesterol (the “good” cholesterol). Exercise itself does not “burn off” cholesterol like it can with fat tissue. However, when exercise is of sufficient volume, for example, an adequate weekly frequency and duration, it can significantly reduce triglycerides and stimulate several metabolic enzyme systems in the muscles and liver to convert some of the cholesterol to a more favorable form, such as HDL-cholesterol. Reducing triglycerides decreases triglyceride-rich particles that are known to promote the growth of fatty deposits on artery walls. For many people with cholesterol disorders the first choice of therapy is dietary modification. In general, reducing high-glycemic carbohydrates reduces triglycerides, and reducing saturated and trans-fat foods decreases LDL-cholesterol. If LDL cholesterol (the “bad” cholesterol) is high enough, dietary therapy is often supplemented with cholesterol-lowering drug therapy. Exercise is of tremendous benefit when used in combination with either of these two forms of therapy. For those who maintain a frequent and sufficient level of exercise, it is possible that their physician will reduce their cholesterol-lowering medication and in some cases stop it altogether. Here are guidelines that outline a systematic approach for favorably altering cholesterol levels with regular exercise: • If you have a less-than-desirable cholesterol level, or your doctor has indicated you have a cholesterol disorder, have your physician establish your cardiovascular health status before engaging in a vigorous exercise program. Your physician may elect to perform additional blood tests (e.g., C-reactive protein) and/or a graded exercise test with an ECG (treadmill stress test) on you first. • Choose dynamic forms of exercise that tend to last at least 20 to 30 minutes and are performed at moderate intensities. Moderate exercise intensities would be an approximate effort of four to seven, on a scale of one to ten with ten being near maximal exercise. • In general, for exercise to significantly lower cholesterol levels, a relatively high volume of exercise is recommended (e.g. 1,500 kcal or more per week). In 12 to 16 weeks this volume of exercise can reduce total cholesterol by 10 to 20 percent. Fifteen hundred calories expended during exercise is equivalent to three to four hours per week for the average unfit person performing moderate-intensity walking, swimming, walk-jogging or cycling. This volume of weekly exercise is approximately the same volume of physical activity required to lose weight. As a result, fat weight loss tends to be associated with increases in HDL-cholesterol and reductions in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels, especially fat lost around the waist and abdomen. A sample program would be to start with walking 20 minutes per day, four days a week. Over six to eight weeks, graduate this program to one hour, six to seven days a week of walking over hilly (variable) terrain or walk-jogging over relatively flat ground. An alternative would be to walk 50 to 60 minutes three days a week and take an aerobics class three days a week and perhaps two to three sets of singles tennis on the seventh day. It is important to know that lower volumes of weekly exercise can still produce many other benefits, such as improved fitness and overall health, reduced blood pressure and increased psychological well-being. An ACE-certified Clinical Exercise Specialist can help you make the connection safely and effectively. A heart attack is a life-threatening event. Everyone should know the warning signs of a heart attack and how to get emergency help. Many people suffer permanent damage to their hearts or die because they do not get help immediately. Each year, more than a million persons in the United States have a heart attack, and about half (515,000) of them die. About one-half of those who die do so within 1 hour of the start of symptoms and before reaching the hospital. Both men and women have heart attacks. Emergency personnel can often stop arrhythmias with emergency cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), defibrillation (electrical shock), and prompt advanced cardiac life support procedures. If care is sought soon enough, blood flow in the blocked artery can be restored in time to prevent permanent damage to the heart. Most people, however, do not seek medical care for 2 hours or more after symptoms begin. Many people wait 12 hours or longer. Symptoms and Diagnosis The warning signs and symptoms of a heart attack can include: Chest discomfort. Most heart attacks involve discomfort in the center of the chest that lasts for more than a few minutes or goes away and comes back. The discomfort can feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain. Heart attack pain can sometimes feel like indigestion or heartburn. Discomfort in other areas of the upper body. Pain, discomfort, or numbness can occur in one or both arms, the back, neck, jaw, or stomach. Shortness of breath. Difficulty in breathing often comes along with chest discomfort, but it may occur before chest discomfort. Other symptoms. Examples include breaking out in a cold sweat, having nausea and vomiting, or feeling light-headed or dizzy. Signs and symptoms vary from person to person. In fact, if you have a second heart attack, your symptoms may not be the same as for the first heart attack. Some people have no symptoms. This is called a "silent" heart attack. The symptoms of angina (chest pain) can be similar to the symptoms of a heart attack. If you have angina and notice a change or a worsening of your symptoms, talk with your doctor right away. Diagnosis of a heart attack may include the following tests: EKG (electrocardiogram). This test is used to measure the rate and regularity of your heartbeat. A 12-lead EKG is used in diagnosing a heart attack. Blood tests. When cells in the heart die, they release enzymes into the blood. These enzymes are called markers or biomarkers. Measuring the amount of these markers in the blood can show how much damage was done to your heart. These tests are often repeated at intervals to check for changes. The specific blood tests are: Troponin test. This test checks the troponin levels in the blood. This blood test is considered the most accurate to see if a heart attack has occurred and how much damage it did to the heart. CK or CK-MB test. These tests check for the amount of the different forms of creatine kinase in the blood. Myoglobin test. This test checks for the presence of myoglobin in the blood. Myoglobin is released when the heart or other muscle is injured. Nuclear heart scan. This test uses radioactive tracers (technetium or thallium) to outline heart chambers and major blood vessels leading to and from the heart. A nuclear heart scan shows any damage to your heart muscle. Cardiac catheterization. A thin, flexible tube (catheter) is passed through an artery in the groin (upper thigh) or arm to reach the coronary arteries. Your doctor can use the catheter to determine pressure and blood flow in the heart's chambers, collect blood samples from the heart, and examine the arteries of the heart by x ray. Coronary angiography. This test is usually performed along with cardiac catheterization. A dye that can be seen by using x ray is injected through the catheter into the coronary arteries. Your doctor can see the flow of blood through the heart and see where there are blockages. Causes Most heart attacks are caused by a blood clot that blocks one of the coronary arteries (the blood vessels that bring blood and oxygen to the heart muscle). When blood cannot reach part of your heart, that area starves for oxygen. If the blockage continues long enough, cells in the affected area die. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common underlying cause of a heart attack. CAD is the hardening and narrowing of the coronary arteries by the buildup of plaque in the inside walls (atherosclerosis). Over time, plaque buildup in the coronary arteries can: Narrow the arteries so that less blood flows to the heart muscle Block completely the arteries and the flow of blood Cause blood clots to form and block the arteries A less common cause of heart attacks is a severe spasm (tightening) of the coronary artery that cuts off blood flow to the heart. These spasms can occur in persons with or without CAD. Artery spasm can sometimes be caused by: Taking certain drugs, such as cocaine Emotional stress Exposure to cold Cigarette smoking